外来和尚的中国红宝书 --《十亿消费者》浅记
公元826年,唐敬宗宝历二年,刘禹锡罢和州刺史返洛阳。白居易恰巧也从苏州归洛阳。两位诗人在杨州邂遇。刘禹锡著《酬乐天杨州初逢席上见赠》,最脍炙人口的一句是:
沉舟侧畔千帆过,病树前头万木春
去年不小心把《十亿消费者/One Billion Customers》给弄丢了,最近宅在家里,终于把电子版读完。作者James McGregor曾担任《华尔街日报》和道琼斯集团在华负责人,后从事咨询与投资。这本书夹叙夹议,以他在华的经验为素材,总结了外国人在华经商与投资的诀窍。很多外国人称这本书为在华经商的“商业红宝书”。
James McGregor 本人的经历也是传奇。1985年,30岁的他和姐姐一同作为背包族,搭乘肮脏拥挤的火车和汽车,走遍了中国的城市和乡村。1987年,他变卖了所有家产,和妻子来到台湾,经历了台湾现代化转型与新闻开放的黄金时代。1990年,他终于搬到北京,见证了经济改革的浪潮。
正因为内容详实,分析犀利,这本书在内地无法发行。书中故事主要取材在1990~2000年间,成书于2002~2003年,是SARS之前。2020年的春节,中国虽然天翻地覆,但是这本书的内容与论断仍然振聋发聩,值得我们深思。
大体上,有如下这些问题,值得当代中国人上下求索:
责任主体:就好比任何事情都会插手管理与做决定的家长,培养出来的孩子是不懂得如何选择、为自己负责的。但这是孩子的错,还是家长的错呢?家长是否会改变吗?
羞愧与内疚:羞愧导致掩盖与隐藏,欺上瞒下是优势策略。内疚强调不断的自省,灵魂拷问去追寻超出尘世的真理。
道德与法制:追求财富没有错误,问题在于社会如何去分配财富与奖励进步。如果基层医生的薪酬恰当,如果技术官员的声音得到重视,如果上市公司造假会被严惩…课堂里的教育再美好,终究会在现实的不断打脸下认清自己。
口号、运动与矫枉过正:口号、运动与矫枉过正的背后是迷茫与失据。
创新:创新的土壤是诚实、分享与担当。
这本书语言生动,娓娓道来改革开放早期的诸多标杆性事件。作者为写作这本书,前前后后采访了300多位当事人,因此叙事全面细致,给读者以身历其境的感觉。在这里简单节选一些文字:
“中国与WTO的恩怨其实开始于两百多年前的大清。那时中国的茶,瓷器,丝绸等在欧洲卖的极好,白花花的银子流到中国来。英国对这个贸易逆差非常不快,派了使团带了洋枪洋炮自鸣钟来试图卖给中国政府。同时派出的使团也去了日本。日本立刻买下枪炮开始改良军队。中国则给他们吃了闭门羹。在门里偷笑这些蛮夷不知天高地厚,我们堂堂大清如何看的起你这些破铜烂铁。两百年后英国被美国取代,再一次要求我们跟他们一起玩。这一次中国可聪明多了。”
“中国文化的核心,就是追求和谐,哪怕这种和谐是表面的。”
“中国文化提倡克制、克制、再克制。”
“中国文化提倡,个人追求恭顺和礼仪,接受来自上层的命令和决策。”
“...the core philosophy is rule by law, not the rule of law.”
“Firm control from the top has always been considered the only path to peace and prosperity in China. One reason is that China is a shame-based society, very different from the guilt-based West. In the West, with society's religious orientation, many controls are internalized. Guilt, which is ultimately the fear of sin and eternal damnation, puts a check on bad behavior. In China, itis the fear of exposure and the accompanying shame that tarnishes the entire extended family. As a result, the Chinese can feel pretty good about doing almost anything as long as they don't get caught. In that atmosphere, the only efficient form of law and order is a strong and omnipresent government that increases the likelihood of getting caught if you do something wrong.”
“中国教育体制培养出来的人是被领导的,而不是领导别人。”
“中国儿童在生活中学到的第一课就是纪律,家长教育孩子遵守纪律。”
“Freedom means knowing how big your cage is. 自由意味着知道你自己的笼子有多大。”
展望未来,本书也犹如窥视未来的万花筒,前瞻性地指出了我们前进道路上的困难、陷阱与阻碍。
“中国人的这种服从性格,在制造业中颇有成效。但是一旦走出国门,或者进入需要更具创造力的领域如研发,中国模式的缺点就暴露无遗。”
“But to reach the next step in its economic evolution, China must find ways to go beyond some of the lingering cultural, social, and psychological barriers that will soon impede that progress. The struggle now is to discover the management principles and techniques that will harness and focus the immenent energy and intelligence of the Chinese to build efficient, innovative, and responsive companies capable of competing on their own with the best in the world. That means training managers to operate within organizations that are not dictatorships, to treat others as equals, to accept responsibility for mistakes, and to share information, all behaviors that have historically been almost absent in China.”